Sustainable construction is hardly a fresh concept. In Gainesville, Florida, there’s no better example than the structures made out of chert, a type of limestone quarried locally. Builders first turned to the material during the Florida land bust in the late-1920s and it saw widespread use during the Great Depression through World War II. Its use declined after the war, but by then it had already become a recognizable part of the city and builders still periodically use it as an architectural embellishment.

Today, some of best chert building examples are located in historic districts, but many others aren’t protected. Most were built near the University of Florida campus and were demolished in recent years as the neighborhoods surrounding UF experienced a housing boom. That has cooled off, but many of the cherts are still in need of protection because of their importance to Gainesville’s architectural heritage.

Since February, I’ve been putting together a chert thematic historic district nomination for the Gainesville historic preservation officer. Because the buildings are scattered throughout the city, I was lucky that there was already a list with their locations. My first step was to go the county property appraiser’s site and print out the information available on each building. Then I started filling out a Florida Master Site File form for each structure using the information from the property appraiser. Next was the tedious process of photographing every structure — there’s about 150 of them. I recently completed that, and now I’m completing all the Florida Master Site File forms before I enter the data electronically. I’ll need to do more research before the nomination will be ready to go through the government approval process. I hope I’m still in Gainesville to see all my work come to fruition.

Most of Gainesville's chert houses look something like this with red brick quioning, circular vents, a few front gables, and a prominent front chimney. Most are one story and about 1,000-1,500 square feet.

Here's a simpler example. Exposed eaves is another common feature.

Despite being a student rental, this good example is in fairly good shape.

This Craftsman is one of the best examples and probably my favorite. The brick addition to the right blends in well and the front yard is a well-kept garden.

Here's one without quoining.

Brittany cottage inspired.

Tudor Revival meets chert.

The largest and most unique example.

I believe this house from about 1925 is the earliest chert structure. Notice the rock is more square than the previous examples.

Not all the chert buildings are houses. Here's a Mission Style church.

There's even a chert motel.

The Golfview Estates gates.

The Sarasota School of Architecture is a name given to a group of architects who adapted the International Style to Florida’s subtropical climate. From the 1940s through the 1960s about 300 houses, schools, beach pavilions, offices, government buildings, and businesses were built in a form of Mid-Century Modern.

Most of the Sarasota School houses were built on barrier islands near the Gulf of Mexico. Today, the land the houses sit on costs many times more than the structure itself, making demolition almost certain when these properties go on the market. Exhibit A. Exhibit B.

But it’s not all doom and gloom for Modernism in Sarasota. Lido Shores is a small neighborhood on the Gulf of Mexico. It’s located on Lido Key just north of St. Armand’s Circle and just south of the bridge that connects Lido to Longboat Key. The neighborhood of about 100 homes was developed in 1950 by Philip Hiss, a fascinating man who was an adventurer, anthropologist, writer, photographer, and architect. Hiss wanted his neighborhood to showcase the works of the Sarasota School architects, who were gaining international attention at the time.

Before visiting, I had read about Lido Shores’ exorbitant land values and expected the worst. But when I walked around the neighborhood earlier this month I was encouraged by the number of original houses still standing. Also, many newer houses have kept Lido Shores’ Modernism spirit alive, though they’re much larger than the originals. Still, it’s hard to imagine Hiss’ vision with all the mega mansions lining the waterfront.

The Umbrella House (1953) designed by Paul Rudolph is the most famous house in the neighborhood, and possibly the most famous Sarasota School of Architecture building. It got its name from the second roof, or umbrella, that covered the house and pool. It blew off in a storm decades ago , but there are plans to rebuild it. The house has been meticulously restored and includes period furnishings.

Here it is shortly after construction. Courtesy of Paul Rudolph Foundation.

Next door to the Umbrella House is in the Hiss Studio (1953) designed by Tim Seibert. It was built to house Phillip Hiss' books and was one of the first air-conditioned buildings in Sarasota.

Across the street from the studio stood the Philip Hiss Home, but it was knocked down to make way for this. It sold for $7.4 million this summer.

Here's what used to stand there, the Philip Hiss Home built in 1950. Courtesy of Florida Photographic Collection.

A newer addition to the neighborhood.

The William Ingler House (1952) was one of the first houses built in the development.

Typical Mid-Century Florida house: flat roof, light color, carport, thin columns, clerestory windows.

Typical 2000s Florida waterfront home.

The Mrs. Gloria Kirsch House (1957) was renovated two years ago.

I liked it so much, I'm posting another picture. I'm not a fan of the untreated wood, but I like everything else about it.

The Mrs. Adelia Dolan House (1959).

This house was so huge, I couldn't photo it all. According to the property appraiser's site, it's 4,700 square feet and worth $2 million.

This unique house was designed by Carl Abbott, a third generation Sarasota School of Architecture architect.

The Joseph Gold House (1955) was remodeled in 1994 when the colorful walls were added.

The Harkavy House (1957) is another Rudolph design in the neighborhood. It's a lot different from Rudolph's other Sarasota houses and marks a transition to his later work (looks like a house version of Sarasota High School). I didn't like this house when I saw pictures, but my opinion changed in person. A compatible addition was put on in 2006.

The addition to the Craig Residence -- done by Guy Peterson -- is very sympathetic to the size and scale of Harkavy.

The Don Chappell House (2000).

The Putterman Residence (1986), another Abbott project. In contrast, the opposite side is a wall of windows.

Fernandina Beach is on Amelia Island, the southernmost of the Sea Islands and at the northernmost point of Florida’s Atlantic coast.  Once a bustling 19th century port, today it’s a quaint town with small shops and Victorian-era houses. Just north of Fernandina Beach lies Old Town, the town’s original site before it was moved in 1853. It was here a few of my classmates and I spent a February day investigating the age of an old house slated for demolition.

Old Town was platted in 1811 according to the Law of the Indies, an urban plan used by Spain for its colonial towns. According to a windshield survey in the 1980s, this house may have dated to the island’s Spanish rule, which ended in 1821. Thus, it was referred to as “The Oldest House in Fernandina.” A man bought the property in 2002 for $150,000 and planned to raze the dilapidated house to build a new one. In 2005, the house was found to be the former home of key figures in the black community in the early 1900s, and there were cries to restore it for use as a Gullah history museum. The owner was patient and agreed to give time so funding could be found to move the house.

But all the talk to preserve the house was just that — talk. In January, the demolition permit was issued and the University of Florida was allowed to come in and determine once and for all if 801 Somerulus was as old as advertised.

Here’s a news article.

Isn't it great looking? To be fair, it had not be occupied since at least the mid-1980s.

The house was situated on the Plaza San Marcos, the open land the town was formed around in 1811. Its location was one of the reasons it was believed to have been so old. However, the house was situated facing away from the plaza, indicating a later construction date.

Here's the orginal map with a yellow dot showing where the house was located. Photo courtesy of www.oldtownfernandina.org.

The corner posts had mortise and tenon joints.

The wood block piers had been squared by hand. Apparently a large snake called this area home.

More timber framing with carpenter's marks were found in the upper story.

The fireplace bricks were kilned by hand and held together with lime mortar. Notice the bead board to the right.

Machine-cut lumber and cut nails.

To sum up, the house was believed to be from the early 1800s because:

• it was located along the plaza;
• hand-sawn wood blocks were found in its foundation;
• it had mortise and tenon posts;
• it had mortise and tenon framing in the attic;
• and it had hand-kilned bricks in its fireplace held together with lime mortar.

It may not have been the oldest because:

• it was situated facing away from the plaza, not toward it;
• the foundation blocks could’ve been reused;
• the mortise and tenon posts could’ve been reused;
• the mortise and tenon rafters weren’t situated in the order of their numbers, indicating they had been reused;
• the bricks could’ve been reused;
• the house had some balloon framing, a popular post Civil War construction technique;
• it was full of cut nails, another post Civil War development;
• and most of it consisted of 20th century construction materials such as beadboard.

But the clincher for it being a later construction date was when we found out a powerful hurricane in 1898 did a lot of damage in Fernandina and leveled many houses. Fernandina being on an island, the residents no doubt would have reused materials when rebuilding. Armed with this knowledge, we were confident that while the house  had parts that could’ve dated to the Spanish period, it was probably built around 1900.

Bonus: When putting this entry together, I found photos of the house being deconstructed. It’s good to know that despite the house’s awful condition, a lot of the materials were salvaged.

Courtesy of SJ Mowery.

Who knew there was such an amazing frame underneath? Courtesy of SJ Mowery.

Going. Courtesy of SJ Mowery.

Going. Courtesy of SJ Mowery.

Gone. Courtesy of SJ Mowery.

Watching a movie at 9:30 on a Monday morning isn’t something I would choose to do, but that’s what we did in my Urban Planning History and Theory class last week — and I’m glad we did.

The movie was “Flag Wars,” a documentary about Olde Towne East in Columbus, Ohio, a predominately black neighborhood undergoing gentrification. I heard the theory before that same-sex couples are often gentrification crusaders, the reason being they usually don’t have children whose safety and schooling they have to worry about. Also, with two incomes they’re likely to have the extra money required for renovations. That was the case in Olde Towne East, which had originally been home to some of Columbus’ most prominent residents. Once the gay community started moving in and rehabilitating the grand old homes, historic district code enforcement began cracking down on the poorer residents. A tension arose between the blacks and gays. The black people had lived in the neighborhood for years and while they knew it had problems, it was their home and they didn’t like another traditionally oppressed group nudging them out. The gay people saw excellent architecture in disrepair and wanted to bring it back to its original splendor. In turn, they wanted a community of like-minded people to call home, even if it meant forcing out the black people.

Gentrification gets a bad rap, but it has some positives — historic homes get restored, it brings a more stable population, crime shrinks, and it cuts down on the number of long-distance commuters, to name a few. However, displacing lower income residents is never a good thing. For at least 40 years, preservationists have been faced with the issue of how to revitalize historic neighborhoods while keeping the current residents intact. Rent control, zoning, and community redevelopment departments have been used to fend off gentrification. So have private organizations. And I can think of one instance — Savannah’s Victorian Historic District — where there was a concerted, large-scale effort to revitalize the neighborhood through historic preservation and keep the residents intact. However, I wonder how successful these efforts have really been. The only thing I know for sure is that efforts to gentrify aren’t going away.

I was lucky enough to represent the University of Florida at the National Trust for Historic Preservation Conference last week in Nashville. (Thanks, Florida taxpayers!)

The conference consisted of preservation lectures, trips, meals, and booths with an estimated 2,000 students and professionals attending. From Civil War battlefield tours to sustainability lectures to Jack Daniels distillery tours to a lunch with Laura Bush, there was something for everyone.

After driving into rainy and cool Nashville on Tuesday evening, my conference kicked off Wednesday morning when I took a bus tour titled “Footsteps of Andrew Jackson: Case Studies in Preservation Leadership.” We visited the Hermitage, Jackson’s plantation, along with Stone Hall and Two Rivers Mansion.

I didn’t know much about the Hermitage beforehand, and I came away impressed. I just wish the tour had more time to see everything. First, I was surprised by the site’s size — the property is more than 1,000 acres. There’s also a number of outbuildings, many added after the Hermitage became a museum in 1889. There’s also a lot of original artifacts inside — the workers boast they have more than Mount Vernon and Monticello combined. The curatorial staff take incredible pains to add missing objects. For example, extensive research and discussion went into the dining room chairs and carpeting — they didn’t just throw out any antique.

As you can see, the Hermitage is currently undergoing a restoration.

It looks a little nicer from the back. The house was commissioned by Jackson in 1819. He lived there until his death in 1845.

The graves of Jackson and his (legal?) wife, Rachel.

Alfred's Cabin, also undergoing restoration, is a former slave cabin that dates to 1841.

Stone Hall was built in 1918 out of local limestone. Now it's owned by the city and part of a greenway.

A cabin on the property, Eversong, overlooks the Stones River and is believed to date to the Civil War.

It literally hangs over the edge.

Two Rivers Mansion was built in 1859. Here's what it looks like from behind. It too is owned by the city and is used for weddings. However, it's not in the best shape and needs funding for some work.

Sideview of the front porch. It just looks like it should be a haunted house.

Afterward, I attended the Save America’s Treasures luncheon. SAT is a public-private partnership that awards grants to preservation projects. Bowling Green, Ky., Mayor Elaine Walker and her husband, Dorian Walker, gave an excellent presentation on their efforts to restore neglected circa 1900 houses in their hometown. Another speaker talked about grants, not my cup of tea but important nevertheless. Before the lunch ended, Richard Moe, the president of the National Trust and everyone’s favorite preservationist, made a surprise appearance. That night, I missed the Opening Plenary, but I attended the Opening Reception at Frist Center for the Visual Center, which used to be a Post Office. Wow.

Thursday morning, I boarded another bus again for “Nashville Overview.” It was a superb way to get a quick lesson on the city’s history and preservation efforts. We stopped at Fisk University, a historically black school, and the Parthenon, a scale reconstruction of the original in Greece. However, it was difficult to see everything in downtown simply because there was so much in such a condensed area. Areas of note:

• East Nashville, a once blighted area now has pricey restored homes and is a trendy part of town;
• Music Row, the business side of Nashville’s music industry has recording studios, law firms, and other offices in former single-family homes;
• The Gulch used to a be an industrial area now it’s the site of incredible Modernist condos;
• and the Second Avenue North clubs and bars that used to be warehouses on the riverfront wharf — great adaptive uses.

The Parthenon was finished in 1931 after 11 years of construction. That's a lot of concrete.

The Athena Parthenos statue on the inside.

I didn't like the Parthenon probably because as preservationists, we're taught to avoid reconstructions.

Thursday afternoon, I attended the lecture “Extreme Makeover: Transform Yourself Into an Effective Advocate for 1950-70s Landmarks.” Preserving post World War II housing is big in preservation now and it’s only going to get bigger. The lecturers suggested ways preservationists can improve advocacy for these often overlooked structures. Thursday evening was the University of Florida and friends gathering.

Friday morning I attended the “Considering a Preservation Career?” lecture in the morning. In the afternoon, I took another bus tour, “Keep it Country: Rural Preservation in Nashville’s Bells Bend.” Bells Bend is a rural area very close to Nashville, and the residents there are fighting off developers to retain their laid back way of life. We visited two recently created nature parks and met with activists who helped fend off a recent effort to plop a new urbanism community out there. It was nice to get a perspective on preservation that doesn’t include just buildings.

The conference rivals Preservation Institute: Nantucket for the best preservation experience I’ve had. Just meeting and talking with students from other schools made it worthwhile. And getting to talk to working professionals about what they face day to day was icing on the cake. I can’t wait for Austin next year!

There’s an uphill battle to preserve Modernist buildings. First of all, most of the examples in the U.S. were built after World War II so non-preservationists often don’t see the point of saving them. And many people don’t like Modernist architecture because can seem cold with with the industrial materials and straight lines. The sustainability argument can only get you so far if people don’t like the architecture and adapting for a new use isn’t cost feasible. Invoking the importance of saving works by famous architects is a challenge, even if the architect’s name is Frank Lloyd Wright. But if preservationists concentrate on the human connections to Modernist buildings, they’re destined to be more successful. Oh, and having a viable preservation plan helps, too.

The recently shuttered Michael Reese Hospital campus in Chicago consists of 29 structures. Walter Gropius, the father of Modernist architecture, was the consulting architect and planner for eight of those buildings in the 1940s and 50s. The hospital’s 37 acres were to be the site of the Olympic Village had Chicago won the 2016 Games with all but one of the structures, the Prairie Style main hospital built in 1905, destined to meet the wrecking ball. The city bought the property for $80 million in preparation. Even though Chicago didn’t get the Olympics, the city plans to clear the land anyway and have it redeveloped as a residential area. A contractor was hired to demolish the buildings in the summer, and some work has already started.

The Gropius in Chicago Coalition is fighting to save the buildings overseen by Gropius. The eight structures are the only in Illinois to have ties to Gropius because he was based in Boston after leaving Germany during the rise of Hitler. With Michael Reese Hospital’s proximity to the Illinois Institute of Technology and its Mies van der Rohe designed campus, GCC wants a “Bauhaus Historic District” (Gropius and van der Rohe were the first two heads of the influential Bauhaus architecture school in Germany).

I applaud the GCC for calling attention to Gropius’ little known work in Chicago, but I think they need to alter their approach. Invoking Gropius is sure to get the attention of the design community, but outside of that tiny segment of the population how many people are aware of Walter Gropius? Plus, it’s easy to dismiss ties to him because he merely consulted on the project.

What the GCC needs to do is get the community members involved who couldn’t care less about Gropius. People should be reminded why the hospital was so important to the people it served, whether they worked or visited there. Maybe then they’ll be interested in keeping it around. GCC does a good job of quickly summing up the non-Gropius importance of Michael Reese Hospital in its flier, but the ideas aren’t fleshed out on their site.

If there’s enough support for preservation, GCC first needs to figure out how it’s going to be paid for. Next, a charrette or design competition should be held to come up with a plan for adaptive reuse of the buildings. I’m guessing there’s a reason it’s no longer seeing use as hospital. What about the non-Gropius buildings? Are they not worthy of preservation just because Gropius didn’t have a hand in them? The GCC needs to at least consider their preservation. They wouldn’t be responsible preservationists if they didn’t. And maybe if GCC lowers their expectations and just concentrate on saving the most architecturally important structures or the most adaptable for new use, they will find success. Something is better than nothing.

Here are Michael Reese Hospital buildings with all photos courtesy of savemrh.com.

The main building from 1905 is the only structure being considered for preservation.

The Laundry Building, 1949.

The Singer Pavilion, 1950.

The Power Plant, 1953.

The Private Pavilion, 1955.

The Serum Center, 1956.

The Convalescent Home, 1957.

The Cummings Pavilion, 1958.

The Linear Accelerator, 1967.

During my visit to Charleston last month, I took a tour of the American College of the Building Arts (featured in the latest issue of Preservation magazine).

One of the reasons I returned to school to study historic preservation was so I could have a career that didn’t require me to spend eight hours a day at a desk staring at a computer screen. I’ve learned a lot during my second stint here at the University of Florida, but it’s mostly been preservation theory — not much technical. Ever since Rudy Christian, a timber framer and  president of the Preservation Trades Network, spoke to us at Preservation Institute: Nantucket this summer, I’ve had this romantic plan of becoming a preservation carpenter despite my limited experience in the field. I sent away for materials from ACBA, liked what I saw, and arranged a tour for when I was in town.

The school is housed in the very imposing Old Charleston Jail, built in 1802 and undergoing a renovation some of which is being done by students. They have ghost tours there at night, and I’ve always wanted to  do one just to see what the jail looked like on the inside. Large cells serve as classrooms and workshops. Smaller ones are offices. Part of the old caretaker’s quarters is a library. Just an excellent example of adaptive use. Rosie Such, who is in charge of admissions, also drove me out to the school’s workshop on nearby James Island. This was where the timber framers and carpenters have their hands-on classes.

The school offers degrees in six areas: architectural stone, timber framing, carpentry, ironwork, plaster work, and masonry. ACBA awards bachelor’s and associate’s degrees as well as a one-year post-graduate certificate, which I would like to do. The school is relatively new; the first bachelor’s degrees were awarded in the spring.

I didn’t get the impression the recent graduates are faring too well in the job market. But that’s certainly not because there’s not a need for quality preservation craftspeople. In many cultures, passing down the intangible building techniques take precedence over preserving the physical object. There are signs Americans are capable of supporting quality craftsmanship with the current emphasis on sustainability. Of course, the greenest building is the one that’s already built. But when building new, why not build something that’s going to survive more than 50 years? There’s a reason timber-framed buildings hundreds of years old are still standing. There’s a reason lime mortar performs better than Portland cement on chimneys. There’s a reason plaster trumps drywall. ACBA and other schools like it are filling a sorely needed area in preservation and the building trades. Let’s hope their message catches on.

The Old Charleston Jail in 2007. It's now home to the American College of the Building Arts.

A benefit of having a sister in the Charleston, South Carolina, area is that there’s many unique historic places to visit along the drive from Florida.  On my way to there four weeks ago I visited Jekyll Island, an island in Georgia. It’s a very laid-back place with excellent examples of restored Victorian-era architecture. You can find them within walking distance of the massive Jekyll Island Club Hotel.

William Horton built this house out of tabby in 1742. Christophe du Bignon, who fled the French Revolution in the 1790s, later resided in the house. This is what remains.

I appreciate that instead of trying to reconstruct the house to a Brown or du Bignon era appearance, the ruins were simply stabilized thanks to efforts by the Jekyll Island Club members in the late 1800s. It's one of two tabby structures still standing in the state.

The Jekyll Island Club Hotel was completed in 1888. That's a croquet court in the foreground. My kind of place.

The hotel was the centerpiece of a winter resort for some of the wealthiest men in the U.S. and the world from 1888 until 1942. Goodyear, Rockefeller, Morgan, Pulitzer, and Vanderbilt are all names that wintered here. The state bought it after World War II and it languished until the 1970s when it was restored and reopened.

The restored "cottages" are scattered around the hotel.

It was my favorite. It sort of reminded me of the Isaac Bell house in Newport.

There's a lot of architectural variety.

The inside of this one is an art shop. Most of the houses were restored and were given new uses. Others were still houses rented out by the hotel.

Loud palette.

Maker's mark.

This house looks like it's never been restored.

It looks like it could use some stabilization.

Ruins of a long-gone house.

The du Bignon Cottage is the oldest one, from 1884.

I’ve been home from Nantucket for almost a month, so I’ve had time to digest everything. I thoroughly enjoyed Preservation Institute: Nantucket, from the location to the lecturers to the activities to (most) of my fellow students. I can’t imagine a better place in the U.S. to spend the summer.

On that note, I’d like to go negative. There are hundreds of things I could list about what I like about Nantucket, but here are 10 that I didn’t.

10. Bad food: I’m sure there’s great places to eat on Nantucket that aren’t too overpriced (everything is too much), and I went to at least three (Something Natural, Lola Burger, and Cy’s) but many I ate at were just awful, especially when considering the price (Fresh, Provisions, and Captain Tobey’s, I’m looking at you). Others were just mediocre (Rose & Crown and the Jetties Beach restaurant).

9. Trees on sidewalks: I’m a big fan of trees, but when they get too big and their roots start tearing up sidewalks and roads they need to go. Some of the trees along the streets in Nantucket town are hazards and it’s easy for people to get seriously hurt. However, there’s tree conservation groups on the island that protect them. As G.O.B. on “Arrested Development” would say, “Come on!” Nantucket being a windswept island didn’t even have many trees until the past century, so it’s not like the trees are part of the town’s historic appearance.

8. Cobblestones on Main Street: Unlike the trees, they are historically accurate when it comes to Nantucket’s whaling heyday. But does about a half-mile of Main Street really need to be cobblestone? Spend five minutes along the street and you’ll see what a hazard they are. Vehicles hop up and down, cyclists fall off their bikes, and scooters struggle along. The cobblestones should be kept to sparsely traveled side streets, not Main Street. Public safety beats history in this case.

7. Too many cars: This has been an ongoing problem for Nantucket, and it only gets worse. Because they were designed well before automobiles, Nantucket’s oldest, winding streets aren’t very wide and often don’t provide enough room for two cars to pass at normal speed. Plus, the island has no stoplights, making for backups at key intersections. Raising the price of bringing vehicles over on the ferry won’t help because money is no object for many residents, particularly the summer people.

6. Power lines: There are countless scenic sights in Nantucket – and plenty of power lines to block the view. I don’t know the logistics of burying lines, but you would think it would be a priority in such a windy, storm-battered island. It’s not like most of the residents couldn’t afford a tax increase to pay for it.

5. Too many cash-only places: It’s 2009 — buy a credit card machine! I had to haul a few pounds of change back in my suitcase because many establishments on the island don’t take plastic and I don’t like to carry around change, or cash for that matter.

4. Deer ticks: This is a huge problem on the island and keeps people from experiencing the many natural areas on the island. A deer tick bite can cause Lyme disease, a serious neurological disorder. Here’s hoping a rich summer resident contracts Lyme disease and pours a lot of money into research to find a cure to eradicate these ticks.

3. Some bike paths: Some bike paths I traveled were excellent (Polpis Road, Milestone, Madaket Road), but others were more dangerous than traveling on the road (Vesper Lane and Sparks Avenue). They’re narrow and set right along the road. If you’re passing someone and they aren’t paying attention, you could easily be forced off the curb and into traffic. It happened to me.

2. Lack of street signs: With Nantucket’s haphazard street layout, you would think having street signs would be a given. Not so. The ones they do have, which are gray and white, aren’t obstrustive and blend in well so ruining aesthetics can’t be a concern. It’s a very annoying island quirk that causes a lot of unnecessary frustration and wastes a lot of time.

1. Shrinking middle class: First, I don’t like this for selfish reasons: unless I marry rich, win the lottery, or write a best-seller, I’ll never be able to afford housing on Nantucket. The gap between the rich and the working class on the island is vast and only growing. For years summer workers have commuted from Cape Cod via ferry or plane, and as long as there’s a demand this will continue. (When it’s cheaper to live on the Cape and commute 25 miles across Nantucket Sound every day, you know you have a dearth of affordable housing.) The problem is the declining number of middle class year round residents. Many of them only are still able to live on the island because they inherited their property, and unless their children follow the same path they will be forced to seek a life in “America.” Much of what people cherish about Nantucket are traditions begun and kept alive by the middle class. What happens when no teachers, firefighters, and store managers can live there? The island needs subsidized housing. I know of at least one instance of this on the island (an old school converted into apartments). Nantucket can feel like a gated community it’s so far from other land. If it keeps losing its middle class residents, it will actually be one.

Honorable mention: the lack of bike racks in downtown; too many bugs; the Civil War monument intersection and its shortage of signage directing people what to do (is it a roundabout or just something in the middle of the road?); and the lack of visible signs denoting historic houses (the small, copper plaques don’t work; the Nantucket Preservation Trust’s fan signs are better but don’t reveal much).

The Mitchell House, now owned by the Maria Mitchell Association and where we did our group documentation project. It was built in 1790 and is the birthplace of Maria Mitchell, the first woman to discover a comet.

The Boston-Higginbotham House, where I did an interior easement project. It was built circa 1774 and was owned by two different black families for more than 200 years.

Group shot from one of our first days on the island in June, hence the clothing.